Braille Grade 2 Table: Abbreviations
This section includes the Arabic Braille abbreviations, rules for their use, and notes related to them, as the abbreviations, numbering 253, were arranged according to the alphabets and the symbols attached to them, and each abbreviation came in a line in the table in the following order:
First, we list the braille dots that represent the abbreviation, then, we list the dots number that represents the abbreviation, and then the abbreviated word.
| The Word | Abbreviation | Abbreviation in Braille |
|---|---|---|
| Or أو | 1 | ⠁ |
| But بل | 12 | ⠃ |
| Programmed برمج | 4-12 | ⠈⠃ |
| After بعد | 5-12 | ⠐⠃ |
| Far بعيد | 45-12 | ⠘⠃ |
| Program برنامج | 456-12 | ⠸⠃ |
| That تلك | 2345 | ⠞ |
| Education تعليم | 4-2345 | ⠈⠞ |
| Under تحت | 5-2345 | ⠐⠞ |
| Training تدريب | 45-2345 | ⠘⠞ |
| Scaling تدريج | 456-2345 | ⠸⠞ |
| Then ثم | 1456 | ⠹ |
| Culture ثقافة | 4-1456 | ⠈⠹ |
| During أثناء | 5-1456 | ⠐⠹ |
| Secondثاني | 45-1456 | ⠘⠹ |
| Thirdثالث | 456-1456 | ⠸⠹ |
| Very جدًا | 245 | ⠚ |
| New جديد | 4-245 | ⠈⠚ |
| All جميع | 5-245 | ⠐⠚ |
| By بجانب/ من خلال | 45-245 | ⠘⠚ |
| Made جعل | 456-245 | ⠸⠚ |
| Even حتى | 156 | ⠱ |
| Sometimes أحيانًا | 4-156 | ⠈⠱ |
| Life حياة | 5-156 | ⠐⠱ |
| Fact حقيقة | 45-156 | ⠘⠱ |
| About حول/ عن | 456-156 | ⠸⠱ |
| Okay/ Ok خير | 1346 | ⠭ |
| Exit خروج | 4-1346 | ⠈⠭ |
| Regarding خصوص | 5-1346 | ⠐⠭ |
| Outside خارج | 45-1346 | ⠘⠭ |
| Especially خاصة | 456-1346 | ⠸⠭ |
| Entry دخول | 145 | ⠙ |
| Accurate دقيق | 4-145 | ⠈⠙ |
| Permanentدائم | 5-145 | ⠐⠙ |
| Inside داخل | 45-145 | ⠘⠙ |
| Guide دليل | 456-145 | ⠸⠙ |
| Memorizer ذاكر | 2346 | ⠮ |
| Goingذاهب | 4-2346 | ⠈⠮ |
| Thatذلك | 5-2346 | ⠐⠮ |
| At that timeحينئذ | 45-2346 | ⠘⠮ |
| Thenعندئذ | 456-2346 | ⠸⠮ |
| Maybe ربما | 1235 | ⠗ |
| Riyadh الرياض | 4-1235 | ⠈⠗ |
| Spirit/ soul روح | 5-1235 | ⠐⠗ |
| President / head رئيس | 45-1235 | ⠘⠗ |
| Messengerرسول | 456-1235 | ⠸⠗ |
| Practiced زاول | 1356 | ⠵ |
| Marriage زواج | 4-1356 | ⠈⠵ |
| Era/ Timeزمان | 5-1356 | ⠐⠵ |
| Timeزمن | 45-1356 | ⠘⠵ |
| Husbandزوج | 456-1356 | ⠸⠵ |
| Going to/ will سوف | 234 | ⠎ |
| Policy سياسة | 4-234 | ⠈⠎ |
| Fastسريع | 5-234 | ⠐⠎ |
| Otherسائر | 45-234 | ⠘⠎ |
| Path سبيل | 456-234 | ⠸⠎ |
| Thing شيئ | 146 | ⠩ |
| Something شيئًا | 4-146 | ⠈⠩ |
| Severe شديد | 5-146 | ⠐⠩ |
| Watchedشاهد | 45-146 | ⠘⠩ |
| Affairsشؤون | 456-146 | ⠸⠩ |
| Becameصار | 12346 | ⠯ |
| Friend صديق | 4-12346 | ⠈⠯ |
| Friendصاحب | 5-12346 | ⠐⠯ |
| Smallصغير | 45-12346 | ⠘⠯ |
| Photosصور | 456-12346 | ⠸⠯ |
| Also أيضًا | 1246 | ⠫ |
| Weak ضعيف | 4-1246 | ⠈⠫ |
| Conscienceضمير | 5-1246 | ⠐⠫ |
| Someبعض | 45-1246 | ⠘⠫ |
| Necessaryضروري | 456-1246 | ⠸⠫ |
| Onlyفقط | 23456 | ⠾ |
| Natural طبيعي | 4-23456 | ⠈⠾ |
| Wayطريق | 5-23456 | ⠐⠾ |
| Printedطبع | 45-23456 | ⠘⠾ |
| Long / tall طويل | 456-23456 | ⠸⠾ |
| Backظهر | 123456 | ⠿ |
| Preserve حافظ | 4-123456 | ⠈⠿ |
| Apparentظاهر | 5-123456 | ⠐⠿ |
| Conditionsظروف | 45-123456 | ⠘⠿ |
| Appearance ظهور | 456-123456 | ⠸⠿ |
| Mayعسى | 12356 | ⠷ |
| Habitعادة | 4-12356 | ⠈⠷ |
| Dear عزيز | 5-12356 | ⠐⠷ |
| Phraseعبارة | 45-12356 | ⠘⠷ |
| Great عظيم | 456-12356 | ⠸⠷ |
| Objective غاية | 126 | ⠣ |
| Left غادر | 4-126 | ⠈⠣ |
| Other than غير | 5-126 | ⠐⠣ |
| Predominant غالب | 45-126 | ⠘⠣ |
| Strangeغريب | 456-126 | ⠸⠣ |
| When فلما | 124 | ⠋ |
| Emptiness/ space فراغ | 4-124 | ⠈⠋ |
| Top/ above فوق | 5-124 | ⠐⠋ |
| Interest/ benefit فائدة | 45-124 | ⠘⠋ |
| Did فعل | 456-124 | ⠸⠋ |
| Nearقرب | 12345 | ⠟ |
| Cutقطع | 4-12345 | ⠈⠟ |
| Little قليل | 5-12345 | ⠐⠟ |
| Near/ Close قريب | 45-12345 | ⠘⠟ |
| Oldقديم | 456-12345 | ⠸⠟ |
| How كيف | 13 | ⠅ |
| Bookكتاب | 4-13 | ⠈⠅ |
| A lot كثير | 5-13 | ⠐⠅ |
| Large كبير | 45-13 | ⠘⠅ |
| Writerكاتب | 456-13 | ⠸⠅ |
| Notليس | 123 | ⠇ |
| Nice لطيف | 4-123 | ⠈⠇ |
| Butلكن | 5-123 | ⠐⠇ |
| Perhaps لعلّ | 45-123 | ⠘⠇ |
| Tongue لسان | 456-123 | ⠸⠇ |
| As مثل | 134 | ⠍ |
| Blind مكفوف | 4-134 | ⠈⠍ |
| Once مرة | 5-134 | ⠐⠍ |
| Meaningمعنى | 45-134 | ⠘⠍ |
| Mostمعظم | 456-134 | ⠸⠍ |
| Towardsنحو | 1345 | ⠝ |
| Fit ناسب | 4-1345 | ⠈⠝ |
| Sameنفس | 5-1345 | ⠐⠝ |
| Side ناحية | 45-1345 | ⠘⠝ |
| Yesنعم | 456-1345 | ⠸⠝ |
| Over thereهناك | 125 | ⠓ |
| So هكذا | 4-125 | ⠈⠓ |
| This هذا | 5-125 | ⠐⠓ |
| This هذه | 45-125 | ⠘⠓ |
| These هؤلاء | 456-125 | ⠸⠓ |
| Why ولما | 2456 | ⠺ |
| Incoming وارد | 4-2456 | ⠈⠺ |
| Oneواحد | 5-2456 | ⠐⠺ |
| Dutyواجب | 45-2456 | ⠘⠺ |
| Existence وجود | 456-2456 | ⠸⠺ |
| Particularly لا سيما | 4-1236 | ⠈⠧ |
| No doubtلا شك | 5-1236 | ⠐⠧ |
| Must لا بدّ | 45-1236 | ⠘⠧ |
| Still لا يزال | 456-1236 | ⠸⠧ |
| Day يوم | 24 | ⠊ |
| Walkingيسير | 4-24 | ⠈⠊ |
| Daysأيام | 5-24 | ⠐⠊ |
| Could/ maybeيمكن | 45-24 | ⠘⠊ |
| Saysيقول | 456-24 | ⠸⠊ |
| Onعلى | 135 | ⠕ |
| Topأعلى | 4-135 | ⠈⠕ |
| Firstأولى | 5-135 | ⠐⠕ |
| Lowestأدنى | 6-135 | ⠠⠕ |
| Otherأخرى | 45-135 | ⠘⠕ |
| Richestأغنى | 56-135 | ⠰⠕ |
| Maximumأقصى | 456-135 | ⠸⠕ |
| Beforeقبل | 16 | ⠡ |
| Sentenceجملة | 4-16 | ⠈⠡ |
| Hourساعة | 5-16 | ⠐⠡ |
| Sometimesتارة | 45-16 | ⠘⠡ |
| Educationتربية | 56-16 | ⠰⠡ |
| Momentلحظة | 456-16 | ⠸⠡ |
| May قد | 3 | ⠄ |
| Questionsأسئلة | 34 | ⠌ |
| One أحد | 5-34 | ⠐⠌ |
| Downأسف | 6-34 | ⠠⠌ |
| Last أخير | 45-34 | ⠘⠌ |
| Smaller أصغر | 56-34 | ⠰⠌ |
| Moreأكثر | 456-34 | ⠸⠌ |
| Biggerأكبر | 4-34 | ⠈⠌ |
| Thoseأولئك | 1256 | ⠳ |
| Believer مؤمن | 4-1256 | ⠈⠳ |
| Administratorمسؤول | 5-1256 | ⠐⠳ |
| Authorمؤلف | 6-1256 | ⠠⠳ |
| Founderمؤسس | 45-1256 | ⠘⠳ |
| Conferenceمؤتمر | 56-1256 | ⠰⠳ |
| Touchingمؤثر | 456-1256 | ⠸⠳ |
| Exceptإلا | 13456 | ⠽ |
| Saying قائل | 4-13456 | ⠈⠽ |
| For the sake ofلأجل | 5-13456 | ⠐⠽ |
| Liquidسائل | 6-13456 | ⠠⠽ |
| Fastingصائم | 45-13456 | ⠘⠽ |
| Commonشائع | 56-13456 | ⠰⠽ |
| Winnerفائز | 456-13456 | ⠸⠽ |
| Allكل | 345 | ⠜ |
| Etiquette/ manners آداب | 4-345 | ⠈⠜ |
| Opinionsأراء | 5-345 | ⠐⠜ |
| Horizonsآفاق | 6-345 | ⠠⠜ |
| Anotherآخر | 45-345 | ⠘⠜ |
| Effectsآثار | 56-345 | ⠰⠜ |
| Oh/ hey أيها | 456-345 | ⠸⠜ |
| Didn’tلم | 15 | ⠑ |
| …didn’t come back/ no more لم يعد | 4-15 | ⠈⠑ |
| Wasn’t لم يكن | 5-15 | ⠐⠑ |
| Couldn’t لم يتمكن | 6-15 | ⠠⠑ |
| Almost immediately لم يلبث | 45-15 | ⠘⠑ |
| Couldn’t لم يستطع | 56-15 | ⠰⠑ |
| Stillلم يزل | 456-15 | ⠸⠑ |
| Whereحيث | 136 | ⠥ |
| Rightsحقوق | 4-136 | ⠈⠥ |
| Calculatorحاسب | 5-136 | ⠐⠥ |
| Computerحاسوب | 6-136 | ⠠⠥ |
| Charactersحروف | 45-136 | ⠘⠥ |
| Limitsحدود | 56-136 | ⠰⠥ |
| Minimumدنيا | 456-136 | ⠸⠥ |
| Withمع | 23 | ⠆ |
| Aboutعن | 35 | ⠔ |
| Toإلى | 26 | ⠢ |
| Forللـ | 25 | ⠒ |
| Six ست | 256 | ⠲ |
| Inفي | 235 | ⠖ |
| Heهو | 236 | ⠦ |
| Fromمن | 356 | ⠴ |
| When متى | 2356 | ⠶ |
| The الـ | 14 | ⠉ |
| Whoاللائي | 4-14 | ⠈⠉ |
| Thatالذي | 5-14 | ⠐⠉ |
| Peopleالناس | 6-14 | ⠠⠉ |
| Thatالتي | 45-14 | ⠘⠉ |
| Whoاللاتي | 56-14 | ⠰⠉ |
| Whoالذين | 456-14 | ⠸⠉ |
| Had been/ was كان | 1245 | ⠛ |
| Universe كون | 4-1245 | ⠈⠛ |
| Objectكائن | 5-1245 | ⠐⠛ |
| Spoke كلم | 6-1245 | ⠠⠛ |
| Creamكريم | 45-1245 | ⠘⠛ |
| Configureتكوين | 56-1245 | ⠰⠛ |
| Technologyتكنولوجي | 456-1245 | ⠸⠛ |
| What ما | 1234 | ⠏ |
| Stillما زال | 4-1234 | ⠈⠏ |
| What ماذا | 5-1234 | ⠐⠏ |
| Has continued ما انفك | 6-1234 | ⠠⠏ |
| Still ما برح | 45-1234 | ⠘⠏ |
| As long asما دام | 56-1234 | ⠰⠏ |
| Exceptما عدا ا | 456-1234 | ⠸⠏ |
| Theyهم | 12456 | ⠻ |
| Migratedهاجر | 4-12456 | ⠈⠻ |
| Phoneهاتف | 5-12456 | ⠐⠻ |
| Marginهامش | 6-12456 | ⠠⠻ |
| Engineered هندس | 45-12456 | ⠘⠻ |
| Body/ entity هيئة | 56-12456 | ⠰⠻ |
| Dominatedهيمن | 456-12456 | ⠸⠻ |
| If إذا | 246 | ⠪ |
| Statisticإحصاء | 4-246 | ⠈⠪ |
| A human being إنسان | 5-246 | ⠐⠪ |
| Productionإنتاج | 6-246 | ⠠⠪ |
| Islamإسلام | 45-246 | ⠘⠪ |
| Directing إخراج | 56-246 | ⠰⠪ |
| Belief/ faith إيمان | 456-246 | ⠸⠪ |
| Yen ين | 346 | ⠬ |
| Appliesينطبق | 4-346 | ⠈⠬ |
| Growينمو | 5-346 | ⠐⠬ |
| Reflects ينعكس | 6-346 | ⠠⠬ |
| Have toينبغي | 45-346 | ⠘⠬ |
| Spreadsينتشر | 56-346 | ⠰⠬ |
| Falls in يندرج | 456-346 | ⠸⠬ |
| وا | 3456 | ⠼ |
| As for وأما | 3456 | ⠼ |
| ية | 45 | ⠘ |
| ات | 46 | ⠨ |
| ون | 456 | ⠸ |
Rules for using abbreviations
- Generally, the abbreviation symbol expresses certain letters, regardless of their formation or position in the word. The symbol (5 and the letter “Baa” (ب)) abbreviation of the word “بعد” “ba’d” (after) can be used in the word “بعدما” “ba’da ma” (after what), and the abbreviation of the word “صار” “sar” (became) can be used in the word “صاروخ” “sarookh” (missile).
- Words consisting of two letters are not abbreviated: ( قدmay, أو or, بل rather, ثم then, كل each) if they are connected to what is before it or after it.
- Words that their abbreviations are similar to diacritics, namely: (إلى to, عن about, مع with, لم didn’t, حيث where, لـ for) are not abbreviated in the middle or at the end of these words.
- The words (هو he, متى when) are not abbreviated at the beginning or end of the word.
- Symbols of words such as (من from, في in, ست six) that resemble punctuation, are not abbreviated at the end of the word.
- Words that are represented by a symbol in one cell are abbreviated if they consist of three or more letters when they are connected to what is before it or after it, but on the condition that the two dots (6 3) are placed before the letter denoting this word, with the exception of the abbreviation symbol of (كان was) that the two dots (6 3) are not placed before it when abbreviated.
- Words that end with the shortened Alef “ى”, such as: (إلى to, على on, عسى might, معنى meaning, أولى first, أخرى other, أقصى maximum, أدنى minimum) are not abbreviated when they are connected to pronouns.
- The letters (ات، ية، ون) are not abbreviated after letters or symbols that consist of the dots (3 2 1) or any of them.
- The combination of letters (ات، ية، ون، وا) is not abbreviated except at the end of the word only.
- When you want to write a letter and this letter alone represents an abbreviation of a word, the braille grade 1 sign (dots 6 5) must be placed before the letter to indicate that it is a single letter and not an abbreviation.
- There are some abbreviations that are represented by dots (6 5) followed by a letter. In this case, dots (6 5) must be placed twice before the letter to denote that it is a single character and not an abbreviation, and this applies to the following letters and characters: (ى، ة، أ، ؤ، ئ، آ، ِ، ُ).
Notes about abbreviations
First: These amendments were made to the abbreviations signs in the developed Arabic Braille system according to the following criteria:
- They preserve the old acronyms unless there is a strong justification for the change.
- The changed or updated symbol must provide a percentage of not less than (50%) of the letters of the shortened/ abbreviated word, whenever possible.
- The eloquence of the word and its common use, or whether it is a scientific term.
- There is a relationship between the symbol and the abbreviated word so that it is easy to remember.
Second: All the singular and compound symbols have been utilized to find new abbreviated words except for places that may confuse the reader, such as: (6 and closed “ta’” (ة), as well as symbols that are used for other purposes such as the intensity sign “shadda”, and the two dots (6 5) used as a sign of the braille grade 1.