Braille Grade 2 Reference

Braille Grade 2 Table: Abbreviations

This section includes the Arabic Braille abbreviations, rules for their use, and notes related to them, as the abbreviations, numbering 253, were arranged according to the alphabets and the symbols attached to them, and each abbreviation came in a line in the table in the following order:

First, we list the braille dots that represent the abbreviation, then, we list the dots number that represents the abbreviation, and then the abbreviated word.

The Word Abbreviation Abbreviation in Braille
Or أو 1
But بل 12
Programmed  برمج 4-12 ⠈⠃
After بعد 5-12 ⠐⠃
Far بعيد 45-12 ⠘⠃
Program برنامج 456-12 ⠸⠃
That تلك 2345
Education  تعليم 4-2345 ⠈⠞
Under تحت 5-2345 ⠐⠞
Training تدريب 45-2345 ⠘⠞
Scaling تدريج 456-2345 ⠸⠞
Then ثم 1456
Culture  ثقافة 4-1456 ⠈⠹
During أثناء 5-1456 ⠐⠹
Secondثاني 45-1456 ⠘⠹
Thirdثالث 456-1456 ⠸⠹
Very جدًا 245
New  جديد 4-245 ⠈⠚
All جميع 5-245 ⠐⠚
By بجانب/ من خلال 45-245 ⠘⠚
Made جعل 456-245 ⠸⠚
Even حتى 156
Sometimes  أحيانًا 4-156 ⠈⠱
Life حياة 5-156 ⠐⠱
Fact حقيقة 45-156 ⠘⠱
About حول/ عن 456-156 ⠸⠱
Okay/ Ok خير 1346
Exit خروج 4-1346 ⠈⠭
Regarding خصوص 5-1346 ⠐⠭
Outside خارج 45-1346 ⠘⠭
Especially خاصة 456-1346 ⠸⠭
Entry دخول 145
Accurate دقيق 4-145 ⠈⠙
Permanentدائم 5-145 ⠐⠙
Inside داخل 45-145 ⠘⠙
Guide دليل 456-145 ⠸⠙
Memorizer ذاكر 2346
Goingذاهب 4-2346 ⠈⠮
Thatذلك 5-2346 ⠐⠮
At that timeحينئذ 45-2346 ⠘⠮
Thenعندئذ 456-2346 ⠸⠮
Maybe ربما 1235
Riyadh الرياض 4-1235 ⠈⠗
Spirit/ soul روح 5-1235 ⠐⠗
President / head رئيس 45-1235 ⠘⠗
Messengerرسول 456-1235 ⠸⠗
Practiced زاول 1356
Marriage زواج 4-1356 ⠈⠵
Era/ Timeزمان 5-1356 ⠐⠵
Timeزمن 45-1356 ⠘⠵
Husbandزوج 456-1356 ⠸⠵
Going to/ will سوف 234
Policy سياسة 4-234 ⠈⠎
Fastسريع 5-234 ⠐⠎
Otherسائر 45-234 ⠘⠎
Path سبيل 456-234 ⠸⠎
Thing شيئ 146
Something  شيئًا 4-146 ⠈⠩
Severe شديد 5-146 ⠐⠩
Watchedشاهد 45-146 ⠘⠩
Affairsشؤون 456-146 ⠸⠩
Becameصار 12346
Friend صديق 4-12346 ⠈⠯
Friendصاحب 5-12346 ⠐⠯
Smallصغير 45-12346 ⠘⠯
Photosصور 456-12346 ⠸⠯
Also  أيضًا 1246
Weak ضعيف 4-1246 ⠈⠫
Conscienceضمير 5-1246 ⠐⠫
Someبعض 45-1246 ⠘⠫
Necessaryضروري 456-1246 ⠸⠫
Onlyفقط 23456
Natural طبيعي 4-23456 ⠈⠾
Wayطريق 5-23456 ⠐⠾
Printedطبع 45-23456 ⠘⠾
Long / tall طويل 456-23456 ⠸⠾
Backظهر 123456
Preserve حافظ 4-123456 ⠈⠿
Apparentظاهر 5-123456 ⠐⠿
Conditionsظروف 45-123456 ⠘⠿
Appearance ظهور 456-123456 ⠸⠿
Mayعسى 12356
Habitعادة 4-12356 ⠈⠷
Dear عزيز 5-12356 ⠐⠷
Phraseعبارة 45-12356 ⠘⠷
Great عظيم 456-12356 ⠸⠷
Objective غاية 126
Left غادر 4-126 ⠈⠣
Other than غير 5-126 ⠐⠣
Predominant غالب 45-126 ⠘⠣
Strangeغريب 456-126 ⠸⠣
When فلما 124
Emptiness/ space فراغ 4-124 ⠈⠋
Top/ above  فوق 5-124 ⠐⠋
Interest/ benefit فائدة 45-124 ⠘⠋
Did فعل 456-124 ⠸⠋
Nearقرب 12345
Cutقطع 4-12345 ⠈⠟
Little قليل 5-12345 ⠐⠟
Near/ Close قريب 45-12345 ⠘⠟
Oldقديم 456-12345 ⠸⠟
How كيف 13
Bookكتاب 4-13 ⠈⠅
A lot كثير 5-13 ⠐⠅
Large كبير 45-13 ⠘⠅
Writerكاتب 456-13 ⠸⠅
Notليس 123
Nice لطيف 4-123 ⠈⠇
Butلكن 5-123 ⠐⠇
Perhaps لعلّ 45-123 ⠘⠇
Tongue لسان 456-123 ⠸⠇
As مثل 134
Blind  مكفوف 4-134 ⠈⠍
Once مرة 5-134 ⠐⠍
Meaningمعنى 45-134 ⠘⠍
Mostمعظم 456-134 ⠸⠍
Towardsنحو 1345
Fit ناسب 4-1345 ⠈⠝
Sameنفس 5-1345 ⠐⠝
Side ناحية 45-1345 ⠘⠝
Yesنعم 456-1345 ⠸⠝
Over thereهناك 125
So هكذا 4-125 ⠈⠓
This هذا 5-125 ⠐⠓
This هذه 45-125 ⠘⠓
These هؤلاء 456-125 ⠸⠓
Why ولما 2456
Incoming وارد 4-2456 ⠈⠺
Oneواحد 5-2456 ⠐⠺
Dutyواجب 45-2456 ⠘⠺
Existence وجود 456-2456 ⠸⠺
Particularly لا سيما 4-1236 ⠈⠧
No doubtلا شك 5-1236 ⠐⠧
Must لا بدّ 45-1236 ⠘⠧
Still لا يزال 456-1236 ⠸⠧
Day يوم 24
Walkingيسير 4-24 ⠈⠊
Daysأيام 5-24 ⠐⠊
Could/ maybeيمكن 45-24 ⠘⠊
Saysيقول 456-24 ⠸⠊
Onعلى 135
Topأعلى 4-135 ⠈⠕
Firstأولى 5-135 ⠐⠕
Lowestأدنى 6-135 ⠠⠕
Otherأخرى 45-135 ⠘⠕
Richestأغنى 56-135 ⠰⠕
Maximumأقصى 456-135 ⠸⠕
Beforeقبل 16
Sentenceجملة 4-16 ⠈⠡
Hourساعة 5-16 ⠐⠡
Sometimesتارة 45-16 ⠘⠡
Educationتربية 56-16 ⠰⠡
Momentلحظة 456-16 ⠸⠡
May  قد 3
Questionsأسئلة 34
One أحد 5-34 ⠐⠌
Downأسف 6-34 ⠠⠌
Last أخير 45-34 ⠘⠌
Smaller أصغر 56-34 ⠰⠌
Moreأكثر 456-34 ⠸⠌
Biggerأكبر 4-34 ⠈⠌
Thoseأولئك 1256
Believer مؤمن 4-1256 ⠈⠳
Administratorمسؤول 5-1256 ⠐⠳
Authorمؤلف 6-1256 ⠠⠳
Founderمؤسس 45-1256 ⠘⠳
Conferenceمؤتمر 56-1256 ⠰⠳
Touchingمؤثر 456-1256 ⠸⠳
Exceptإلا 13456
Saying قائل 4-13456 ⠈⠽
For the sake ofلأجل 5-13456 ⠐⠽
Liquidسائل 6-13456 ⠠⠽
Fastingصائم 45-13456 ⠘⠽
Commonشائع 56-13456 ⠰⠽
Winnerفائز 456-13456 ⠸⠽
Allكل 345
Etiquette/ manners آداب 4-345 ⠈⠜
Opinionsأراء 5-345 ⠐⠜
Horizonsآفاق 6-345 ⠠⠜
Anotherآخر 45-345 ⠘⠜
Effectsآثار 56-345 ⠰⠜
Oh/ hey أيها 456-345 ⠸⠜
Didn’tلم 15
…didn’t come back/ no more لم يعد 4-15 ⠈⠑
Wasn’t لم يكن 5-15 ⠐⠑
Couldn’t لم يتمكن 6-15 ⠠⠑
Almost immediately لم يلبث 45-15 ⠘⠑
Couldn’t لم يستطع 56-15 ⠰⠑
Stillلم يزل 456-15 ⠸⠑
Whereحيث 136
Rightsحقوق 4-136 ⠈⠥
Calculatorحاسب 5-136 ⠐⠥
Computerحاسوب 6-136 ⠠⠥
Charactersحروف 45-136 ⠘⠥
Limitsحدود 56-136 ⠰⠥
Minimumدنيا 456-136 ⠸⠥
Withمع 23
Aboutعن 35
Toإلى 26
Forللـ 25
Six ست 256
Inفي 235
Heهو 236
Fromمن 356
When متى 2356
The الـ 14
Whoاللائي 4-14 ⠈⠉
Thatالذي 5-14 ⠐⠉
Peopleالناس 6-14 ⠠⠉
Thatالتي 45-14 ⠘⠉
Whoاللاتي 56-14 ⠰⠉
Whoالذين 456-14 ⠸⠉
Had been/ was كان 1245
Universe كون 4-1245 ⠈⠛
Objectكائن 5-1245 ⠐⠛
Spoke كلم 6-1245 ⠠⠛
Creamكريم 45-1245 ⠘⠛
Configureتكوين 56-1245 ⠰⠛
Technologyتكنولوجي 456-1245 ⠸⠛
What ما 1234
Stillما زال 4-1234 ⠈⠏
What ماذا 5-1234 ⠐⠏
Has continued ما انفك 6-1234 ⠠⠏
Still ما برح 45-1234 ⠘⠏
As long asما دام 56-1234 ⠰⠏
Exceptما عدا ا 456-1234 ⠸⠏
Theyهم 12456
Migratedهاجر 4-12456 ⠈⠻
Phoneهاتف 5-12456 ⠐⠻
Marginهامش 6-12456 ⠠⠻
Engineered هندس 45-12456 ⠘⠻
Body/ entity هيئة 56-12456 ⠰⠻
Dominatedهيمن 456-12456 ⠸⠻
If إذا 246
Statisticإحصاء 4-246 ⠈⠪
A human being إنسان 5-246 ⠐⠪
Productionإنتاج 6-246 ⠠⠪
Islamإسلام 45-246 ⠘⠪
Directing إخراج 56-246 ⠰⠪
Belief/ faith إيمان 456-246 ⠸⠪
Yen ين 346
Appliesينطبق 4-346 ⠈⠬
Growينمو 5-346 ⠐⠬
Reflects ينعكس 6-346 ⠠⠬
Have toينبغي 45-346 ⠘⠬
Spreadsينتشر 56-346 ⠰⠬
Falls in يندرج 456-346 ⠸⠬
وا 3456
As for وأما 3456
ية 45
ات 46
ون 456

Rules for using abbreviations

  1. Generally, the abbreviation symbol expresses certain letters, regardless of their formation or position in the word. The symbol (5 and the letter “Baa” (ب)) abbreviation of the word “بعد” “ba’d” (after) can be used in the word “بعدما” “ba’da ma” (after what), and the abbreviation of the word “صار” “sar” (became) can be used in the word “صاروخ” “sarookh” (missile).
  2. Words consisting of two letters are not abbreviated: ( قدmay, أو or, بل rather, ثم then, كل each) if they are connected to what is before it or after it.
  3. Words that their abbreviations are similar to diacritics, namely: (إلى to, عن about, مع with, لم didn’t, حيث where, لـ for) are not abbreviated in the middle or at the end of these words.
  4. The words (هو he, متى when) are not abbreviated at the beginning or end of the word.
  5. Symbols of words such as (من from, في in, ست six) that resemble punctuation, are not abbreviated at the end of the word.
  6. Words that are represented by a symbol in one cell are abbreviated if they consist of three or more letters when they are connected to what is before it or after it, but on the condition that the two dots (6 3) are placed before the letter denoting this word, with the exception of the abbreviation symbol of (كان was) that the two dots (6 3) are not placed before it when abbreviated.
  7. Words that end with the shortened Alef “ى”, such as: (إلى to, على on, عسى might, معنى meaning, أولى first, أخرى other, أقصى maximum, أدنى minimum) are not abbreviated when they are connected to pronouns.
  8. The letters (ات، ية، ون) are not abbreviated after letters or symbols that consist of the dots (3 2 1) or any of them.
  9. The combination of letters (ات، ية، ون، وا) is not abbreviated except at the end of the word only.
  10. When you want to write a letter and this letter alone represents an abbreviation of a word, the braille grade 1 sign (dots 6 5) must be placed before the letter to indicate that it is a single letter and not an abbreviation.
  11. There are some abbreviations that are represented by dots (6 5) followed by a letter. In this case, dots (6 5) must be placed twice before the letter to denote that it is a single character and not an abbreviation, and this applies to the following letters and characters: (ى، ة، أ، ؤ، ئ، آ، ِ، ُ).

Notes about abbreviations

First: These amendments were made to the abbreviations signs in the developed Arabic Braille system according to the following criteria:

  1. They preserve the old acronyms unless there is a strong justification for the change.
  2. The changed or updated symbol must provide a percentage of not less than (50%) of the letters of the shortened/ abbreviated word, whenever possible.
  3. The eloquence of the word and its common use, or whether it is a scientific term.
  4. There is a relationship between the symbol and the abbreviated word so that it is easy to remember.

Second: All the singular and compound symbols have been utilized to find new abbreviated words except for places that may confuse the reader, such as: (6 and closed “ta’” (ة), as well as symbols that are used for other purposes such as the intensity sign “shadda”, and the two dots (6 5) used as a sign of the braille grade 1.